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Analgesia Standard Treatment Guidelines for Mice
Analgesia Standard Treatment Guidelines for Rats
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Analgesia Standard Treatment Guidelines for Rats

Related Information

 

Background:  The avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain, when consistent with sound scientific practices, is imperative in animal research. Following conversations with AAALAC evaluators, a campus-wide post-approval monitoring project on analgesia, and a review of the current literature, RARC veterinary staff have updated the standard treatment guidelines on analgesic regimens for rodents. 

 

Purpose:  The purpose of these analgesia standard treatment guidelines is to describe commonly used analgesic regimens for the management of pain and monitoring parameters for rats used in testing, research, and training at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Analgesic regimens may need to be modified due to the health status, age, sex, or strain of the rat and the specific procedure being performed. RARC veterinarians should be consulted to determine an appropriate analgesic regimen for your study.

Pain Levels and Examples

1. Momentary Pain

Description: Brief, transient pain that typically does not require analgesia.

Examples:

2. Mild Pain

Description: Minor discomfort that minimally interferes with normal physiology and requires short-term analgesia.

Examples:

3. Moderate Pain

Description: Quantifiable pain that frequently interferes with normal physiology and requires effective analgesia to ensure animal welfare.

Examples:

4. Severe Pain

Description: Quantifiable intense pain that continually interferes with normal physiology and necessitates significant analgesic protocols.

Examples:

 

Analgesia Standard Treatment Guidelines

Multimodal Analgesia:

1. Momentary Pain

2. Mild Pain

3. Moderate Pain

4. Severe Pain

Additional Considerations

Any administration of substances must be documented. In addition, all monitoring (intra- and post-procedurally) must be documented.

If a lab performs research with quantifiable outcomes that would be adversely affected by these standard analgesia guidelines, robust justification (including references) for NOT following these requirements must be included in the animal use protocol.

 

Recognition of Pain

Monitoring for and recognizing signs of pain and distress is essential for providing adequate analgesia. Researchers must be able to identify signs of pain and distress for the species they are working with. The RARC Trainers provide species-specific training on signs of pain and distress. RARC veterinarians are also able to consult on pain and distress recognition in unique models.

The grimace scale is a useful method of assessing pain in laboratory rodents by observing changes in their facial expressions.

 

Pain Scoring Using the Grimace Scale

The website https://nc3rs.org.uk/3rs-resources/grimace-scales  has posters of grimace scales in rats.

Key Facial Action Units for Rats:

  1. Orbital Tightening: Squinting or closing of the eyes.
  2. Nose/Cheek Flattening: Flattening and elongation of the bridge of the nose and flattening of the cheeks (potentially sunken look).
  3. Ear Position: Ears curled inwards and angled to form a ‘pointed’ shape. Space between the ears increased.
  4. Whisker Change: Whiskers stiffen and angle along the face, may ‘clump’ together and lose their natural downward curve.

Scoring:

Monitoring:

Monitoring may need to be modified based on the specific procedure being performed and possible post-procedural complications. Monitoring frequency must be performed as stated in the protocol and must be documented. Observations can be documented using the Non-USDA Surgery Record . Additional information on medical records can be found here: Medical Records for Non-USDA Covered Species .

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